A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ
Tables
A
Asthenia (click here to view the CNS Archives)
<neurology> The lack or loss of strength and
energy, weakness.
Abnormal Vision (click here to view the Vision Archives)
Diminished eyesight; Decreased vision; Impaired
vision; Blurred vision is the loss of visual acuity
(sharpness of vision) resulting in a loss of ability to
see small details. For the most severe form of visual
loss, see also blindness. Blind spots (scotomas) are
dark "holes" in the visual field in which nothing can
be seen.
Loss of visual acuity, changes in vision, blurriness, or
dimness of vision should always be urgently evaluated
by a medical professional. Changes may represent
primary eye disease, aging, eye trauma, or a
generalized (systemic) illness.
Whatever the cause, visual changes should never be
ignored. Decreased vision is a significant threat to the
quality of life. Professional help is always indicated,
but which professional to see is often a question.
Anemia (click here to view the Blood Archives)
<haematology> Too few red blood cells in the
bloodstream, resulting in insufficient oxygen to
tissues and organs.
Angina (click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
<surgery> A dull, crampy centralized abdominal
pain that occurs 15-30 minutes after a meal.
Associated with ischaemic bowel disease. Evaluated
with mesenteric arteriography
Abnormal Coordination (click here to view the CNS Archives)
Examples include inappropriate synergies (muscle co-
excitation), inappropriate inter limb coupling
(excitation of muscles in one limb when muscles in
the other limb are active), and hyperactive stretch
reflexes. Although these constraints are well known
in the clinic, the way in which their biomechanical
implications affect a person's ability to accomplish
the wide variety of tasks required for daily living is
not yet fully known.
Arrhythmia (click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
<cardiology, physiology> Any variation from the
normal rhythm of the heart beat, including sinus
arrhythmia, premature beat, heart block, atrial
fibrillation, atrial flutter, pulsus alternans and
paroxysmal tachycardia.
Abnormal Dreaming (click here to view the CNS Archives)
To dream of anything that is not normal--i.e. a horse
with feathers, a woman who hops like a kangaroo, an
airplane flying backwards, frequent nightmares etc.
Aggressive Reaction (click here to view the CNS Archives)
The aggressive behavior is usually described
as being violent and unpredictable. This reactionary
and impulsive behavior frequently results in serious
infractions. The aggressive behavior is a direct
result of being overwhelmed, anxious or agitated,
overreacting may only exacerbate the symptoms and
cause the behavior to escalate.
Agitation (click here to view the CNS Archives)
state of anxiety accompanied by motor
restlessness.
Anorexia (click here to view the CNS Archives)
<symptom> The uncontrolled lack or loss of the
appetite for food.
Anxiety (click here to view the CNS Archives)
<psychology> The unpleasant emotional state
consisting of psychophysiological responses to
anticipation of unreal or imagined danger,
ostensibly resulting from unrecognized
intrapsychic conflict.
Physiological concomitants include increased
heart rate, altered respiration rate, sweating,
trembling, weakness and fatigue, psychological
concomitants include feelings of impending
danger, powerlessness, apprehension and
tension.
Atrial Fibrillation (click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
<cardiology> A condition where there is
disorganized electrical conduction in the atria,
resulting in ineffective pumping of blood into
the ventricle Acronym: AF
Abnormal Hepatic Function
(click here to view the Liver Archives)
The liver is a complex organ with several major
activities, including synthesis of proteins, such as
albumin and the proteins necessary for normal blood
clotting, and the removal of potential toxins, such as
bilirubin and numerous drugs. The liver is also
important in the maintenance of normal blood sugar
(glucose) concentrations.
Blood tests, therefore, are used to evaluate the ability
of the liver to make albumin (serum albumin) and
clotting factors (prothrombin time and partial
thromboplastin time), to remove potential toxins
(serum bilirubin) and to maintain normal blood sugar
concentrations (serum glucose). In addition,
measurement of certain proteins released into the
circulation by injured liver cells or bile duct cells can
be used to identify or monitor liver injury. These
proteins are called "liver enzymes" and include AST
(or SGOT), ALT (or SGPT), alkaline phosphatase and
GGT-P. Other blood tests include the complete blood
count (CBC), serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium,
chloride, and bicarbonate) and "kidney function tests"
(BUN and creatinine). Blood tests are also used to
measure the level of certain drugs (such as
cyclosporine and tacrolimus) and vitamins (such as
vitamins A, E, and D).
Aggravated Diabetes
(click here to view the Blood Archives)
Diabetes is a life-long disease marked by high levels
of sugar in the blood. It can be caused by too little
insulin (a hormone produced by the pancreas to
regulate blood sugar), resistance to insulin, or both.
Arthralgia
(click here to view the Tendon Archives)
<symptom> Pain in a joint.
Arthritis
(click here to view the Tendon Archives)
<rheumatology> An inflammatory condition that
affects joints. Can be infective, autoimmune,
traumatic in origin.
Arthrosis
(click here to view the Tendon Archives)
<orthopaedics, rheumatology> A disease of a
joint.
Abnormal Platelets
(click here to view the Blood Archives)
Platelets are blood cells that are essential for blood
clotting. Platelet disorders can include inappropriate
number of platelets (too many or too few), or normal
number but inappropriate functioning of the platelets.
Any platelet disorder affects blood clotting.
Drug-induced nonimmune thrombocytopenia is a
reduction in normally functioning platelets that can be
caused by certain drugs. Platelets are important in
forming blood clots. Certain drugs may decrease the
number of platelets by damaging the bone marrow
where platelets are made. Decreased platelets may
cause easy bruising or abnormal bleeding.
Bleeding can be life-threatening if it occurs in the
brain or other vital organ. Other drugs can increase
the risk of bleeding by preventing platelets from
working normally. A common example of this is
aspirin.
ARDS
adult respiratory distress syndrome
<chest medicine, syndrome> A clinical
syndrome that includes pulmonary insufficiency. It
is a descriptive term that is applied to a variety of
diffuse infiltrative processes in the lung.
Manifestations include severe shortness of breath,
Rapid breathing and arterial hypoxaemia (low
oxygen). Chest X-ray shows bilateral diffuse
infiltrates.
Treatment most often includes mechanical
respiratory support. Causes include toxic gas
(chlorine, NO2, smoke) exposure, severe metabolic
derangement, gastric acid aspiration, pancreatitis,
sepsis and trauma.
Acronym: ARDS
Asthma
<chest medicine> A disease process that is
characterised by paradoxical narrowing of the
bronchi (lung passageways) making breathing
difficult.
Treatment includes bronchodilators which are given
orally or delivered as an aerosol (inhaled).
Corticosteroids are reserved for more difficult cases.
Symptoms include wheezing, difficulty breathing
(particularly exhaling air) and tightness in the chest.
Factors which can exacerbate asthma include rapid
changes in temperature or humidity, allergies, upper
respiratory infections, exercise, stress or smoke
(cigarette). See: status asthmaticus.
Abnormal Renal Function
(click here to view the Kidney Archives)
Any number of disease states regarding kidney
function
Acute Renal Failure
(click here to view the Kidney Archives)
<nephrology> A sudden decline in renal function may
be triggered by a number of acute disease processes.
Examples include sepsis (infection), shock, trauma,
kidney stones, kidney infection, drug toxicity (aspirin
or lithium), poisons or toxins (drug abuse) or after
injection with an iodinated contrast dye (adverse
effect). Chronic renal failure represents a slow decline
in kidney function over time. Chronic renal failure
may be caused by a number of disorders which
include long-standing hypertension, diabetes,
congestive heart failure, lupus or sickle cell anaemia.
Both forms of renal failure result in a life-threatening
metabolic derangement.
Allergic Pneumonitis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an inflammation in
the lungs caused by exposure to an allergen (foreign
substance). Acute illness may occur 4 to 6 hours
after the exposure. Chronic illness with changes seen
on chest X-ray may develop with continued
exposures. The chronic form of this disease may lead
to pulmonary fibrosis (a scarring of the lung tissue
that is often not reversible).
Anaphylactic Shock
<immunology> A serious, often life-threatening
allergic reaction that is characterised by low blood
pressure, shock (poor tissue perfusion) and difficulty
breathing.
Anaphylactoid Reaction
<immunology> Resembling anaphylaxis, an immediate,
transient allergic reaction.
Abnormal EEG
(click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test to detect
abnormalities in the electrical activity of the brain.
B
Bradycardia
(click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
<clinical sign> A slowness of the heart beat, as
evidenced by slowing of the pulse rate to less than 60
beats per minute.
C
Cardiovascular Disorders
(click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
Heart disease is any disorder that affects the heart's
ability to function normally. The most common cause
of heart disease is narrowing or blockage of the
coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart
itself. This happens slowly over time. (See coronary
artery disease.)
Other causes include the following:
Abnormal function of the heart valves
Abnormal electrical rhythm of the heart
Weakening of the heart's pumping function
caused by infection or toxins
Various forms of heart disease include:
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
Aortic regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
Arrhythmias
Cardiogenic shock
Congenital heart disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Endocarditis
Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
Heart failure
Heart tumor
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Idiopathic cardiomyopathy
Ischemic cardiomyopathy
Mitral regurgitation; acute
Mitral regurgitation; chronic
Mitral stenosis
Mitral valve prolapse
Peripartum cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary stenosis
Stable angina
Unstable angina
Tricuspid regurgitation
See also chest pain.
Cardiac Failure
(click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
A condition where there is ineffective pumping of
the heart leading to an accumulation of fluid in the
lungs. Typical symptoms include shortness of breath
with exertion, difficulty breathing when lying flat and
leg or ankle swelling. Causes include chronic
hypertension, cardiomyopathy and myocardial
infarction.
Circulatory Failure
(click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
Complete failure of the circulatory system resulting in
death.
Central and Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
(click here to view the CNS Archives)
Disorders of the the body's nervous system. The
central nervous system refers to the brain, spinal
cord, and spinal nerves. These serve as the main
"processing center" for the whole nervous system,
and thus control all the workings of the body. The
central nervous system does not include the
peripheral nerves in the arms, legs, muscles, and
organs. The peripheral nervous system includes all
peripheral nerves.
Coma
A deep prolonged unconsciousness where the patient
cannot be aroused. This is usually as the result of a
head injury, neurological disease, acute hydrocephaly,
intoxication or metabolic derangement.
Convulsions
(click here to view the CNS Archives)
Seizures manifested by discontinuous involuntary
skeletal muscular contractions, either brief contractions
repeated at short intervals or longer ones interrupted by
intervals of muscular relaxation.
Cardiac Arrest
(click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
This refers to the complete cessation of cardiac activity
(heartbeat).
Cholelithiasis
(click here to view the Castrointestinial Archives)
<gastroenterology> The presence or formation of
gallstones.
Coronary Thrombosis
(click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
A blood clot in the lumen of a coronary artery. This is
the mechanism by which a myocardial infarction
results. A thrombus forms when microscopic cracks
(from the effects of atherosclerosis) occur in the
coronary vessel wall. These tiny cracks expose
collagen, thus triggering platelets to adhere to the site
and a blood clot to form.
Carcinoma
(click here to view the Toxicity Archives)
<oncology> A malignant new growth that arises from
epithelium, found in skin or, more commonly, the lining
of body organs, for example: breast, prostate, lung,
stomach or bowel. Carcinomas tend to infiltrate into
adjacent tissue and spread (metastasize) to distant
organs, for example: to bone, liver, lung or the brain.
Confusion
(click here to view the CNS Archives)
Disturbed orientation in regard to time, place or person,
sometimes accompanied by disordered consciousness.
Coughing
Crystalluria
(click here to view the Kidney Archives)
<nephrology> The excretion of crystals in the urine,
producing renal irritation.
Cylindruria
(click here to view the Kidney Archives)
The presence of renal cylinders or casts in the urine.
Cerebrovascular Disorder
(click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
Of or involving the the expanded anterior portion of the
brain that in higher mammals overlies the rest of the
brain, consists of cerebral hemispheres and connecting
structures, and is considered to be the seat of
conscious mental processes and the blood vessels
supplying it. <stroke or cerebrovascular disease>
Conjunctivitis
(click here to view the Vision Archives)
An obsolete term for a condition in which the palpebral
conjunctiva contains minute yellow concretions.
Cornea Damage
(click here to view the Vision Archives)
Damage to the corneas of the eyes.
Cataracts
(click here to view the Vision Archives)
A clouding of the lens of the eye or its surrounding
transparent membrane that obstructs the passage of
light
D
Dry Mouth
Abnormal dryness of the mouth due to insufficient
secretions -- called also xerostomia.
Dysphagia
<symptom> Difficulty in swallowing.
Decreased Lymphocytes
(click here to view the Blood Archives)
A decrease of any of the colorless weakly motile cells
that originate from stem cells and differentiate in
lymphoid tissue (as of the thymus or bone marrow),
that are the typical cellular elements of lymph, that
include the cellular mediators of immunity, and that
constitute 20 to 30 percent of the white blood cells of
normal human blood -- see B CELL, T CELL
Decreased Glucose
(click here to view the Blood Archives)
The decrease of the levels of glucose found within the
blood stream.
Decreased Magnesium
(click here to view the Blood Archives)
The decrease of the levels of magnesium found within
the blood stream.
Delirium
(click here to view the CNS Archives)
<neurology, psychiatry> An acute, reversible organic
mental disorder characterised by reduced ability to
maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganised
thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant or
incoherent speech.
There are also a reduced level of consciousness,
sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep
wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity,
disorientation to time, place or person and memory
impairment.
Delirium may be caused by a large number of
conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral
metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning,
drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head
trauma and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia,
hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte or acid base
imbalances or hepatic or renal failure.
Synonym: acute confusional state, acute brain
syndrome.
Depression
(click here to view the CNS Archives)
1. A lowering or decrease of functional activity.
2. <psychiatry> A mental state of depressed mood
characterised by feelings of sadness, despair and
discouragement. Depression ranges from normal
feelings of the blues through dysthymia to major
depression.
It in many ways resembles the grief and mourning that
follow bereavement, there are often feelings of low self
esteem, guilt and self reproach, withdrawal from
interpersonal contact and somatic symptoms such as
eating and sleep disturbances.
Dyspnea
<symptom> Shortness of breath, difficult or laboured
breathing.
Diplopia
(click here to view the Vision Archives)
<ophthalmology, symptom> The perception of two
images of a single object.
Synonym: ambiopia, double vision, binocular polyopia.
Dysphonia
Altered voice production.
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of body
water.
Synonym: anhydration, deaquation, hypohydration
E
Edema (Oedema)
<clinical sign> The presence of abnormally large
amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of
the body, usually applied to demonstrable
accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous
tissues.
Oedema may be localised, due to venous or lymphatic
obstruction or to increased vascular permeability or it
may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease.
Collections of oedema fluid are designated according
to the site, for example ascites (peritoneal cavity),
hydrothorax (pleural cavity) and hydropericardium
(pericardial sac).
Massive generalised oedema is called anasarca.
Ear Disorders
(click here to view the Special Senses Archives)
Any number of disease state affecting ones hearing
Embolism
(click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
<cardiology, physiology> The sudden blocking of an
artery by a clot or foreign material which has been
brought to its site of lodgment by the blood current.
Epistaxis
<clinical sign> Nosebleed, haemorrhage from the nose.
Ejaculation Failure
(click here to view the Urology Archives)
Ejaculatory failure is the inability to ejaculate. It has a
variety of causes that include pelvic nerve damage.
Retrograde ejaculation (ejaculating into the bladder
and not into the penis is not to be considered
ejaculation failure in this sense).
Encephalopathy
<neurology, pathology> Any degenerative disease of
the brain.
Eosinophilia
(click here to view the Blood Archives)
<haematology> The formation and accumulation of an
abnormally large number of eosinophils in the blood.
Erythema Multiforme
(click here to view the Skin Archives)
<dermatology> A rash that results from an allergic
response, most often secondary to a drug. The
rash is described as pink-red macules (flat), that
may have clear centres (iris lesions) or appear as a
dusky violet colour.
Erythema multiforme most often results from
reactions to sulpha drugs, penicillin's, phenytoin,
barbiturates, phenolphthalein and carbamazepine. In
some cases, erythema multiforme can result
secondary to a Herpes simplex infection or
Mycoplasma infection.
Erythema Nodosum
(click here to view the Skin Archives)
<dermatology> A disorder characterised by the
formation of tender, red nodules on the front of the
legs. Erythema nodosum primarily affects women
and has been associated with certain infections:
coccidiomycosis, fungal infections, tuberculosis,
hepatitis B and syphilis.
A sensitivity to a particular drug (for example
penicillin, progestin, birth control pills) may also
manifest this disorder. Other disorders and
conditions that have been associated with erythema
nodosum include: leukaemia, sarcoidosis, rheumatic
fever, ulcerative colitis and pregnancy.
Emotional Liability
(click here to view the CNS Archives)
Uncontrolled Laughter and Crying
F
Fever
<clinical sign> A rise in body temperature above
normal usually as a natural response to infection.
Typically an oral temperature greater than 100.4
degrees Fahrenheit constitutes a fever.
Facial Edema
(click here to view the Skin Archives)
Facial swelling involving an accumulation of fluid in the
face, which may extend to the neck and upper arms.
If the facial swelling is mild, it may be hard to
detect. An allergic reaction to a drug resulting in
conjunctivitis with swelling around the eye(s) may
also occur.
Drugs including prolonged use or allergic reaction to
aspirin, antipyretics, penicillin, sulfa, glucocorticoids,
or other drugs may also be involved.
Fungal Infections
Tinea is a type of fungal infection of the hair, skin, or
nails. When it's on the skin, tinea usually begins as a
small red area the size of a pea. As it grows, it
spreads out in a circle or ring. Tinea is often called
"ringworm" because it may look like tiny worms are
under the skin. Because the fungi that cause tinea
(ringworm) live on different parts of the body, they are
named for the part of the body they infect. Scalp
ringworm is found on the head, and body ringworm
affects arms, legs, or the chest.
Athlete's foot is another type of fungal infection that
usually appears between the toes but can also affect
the bottom or sides of the feet.
Jock itch is a fungal infection of the groin and upper
thighs. (This usually occurs only in boys and men.)
Candida is a yeast-like fungus. This fungus most often
affects the skin around the nails or the soft, moist
areas around body openings. Diaper rash in babies is a
form of candidal infection, as is thrush, the white
patches most often found in the mouths of kids and
babies.
Older girls and women may develop another form of
candidal infection in the area in and around the vagina.
This is called a yeast infection.
Oral thrush is a yeast infection of the mucous
membranes of the mouth and tongue. Thrush is caused
by a fungus called Candida albicans. This organism lives
in your mouth and is usually kept in check by healthy
organsims that also live there. However, when your
resistance to infection is low, the fungus can grow,
leading to lesions in your mouth and on your tongue.
G
Gastrointestinal System Disorders
(click here to view the Gastrointestinal Archives)
Disorders of the digestive system
Gastroenteritis
(click here to view the Gastrointestinal Archives)
<gastroenterology, pathology> An acute inflammation
of the lining of the stomach and intestines,
characterised by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea,
abdominal pain and weakness, which has various
causes, including food poisoning due to infection
with such organisms as Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella species,
consumption of irritating food or drink or
psychological factors such as anger, stress and
fear.
Synonym: enterogastritis
G.I.Hemorrhage
(click here to view the Gastrointestinal Archives)
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The digestive or
gastrointestinal (GI) tract includes the esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine or colon,
rectum, and anus. Bleeding can come from one or
more of these areas, that is, from a small area such
as an ulcer on the lining of the stomach or from a
large surface such as an inflammation of the colon.
Bleeding can sometimes occur without the person
noticing it. This type of bleeding is called occult or
hidden. Fortunately, simple tests can detect occult
blood in the stool.
Genital Moniliasis
(click here to view the Urology Archives)
infection with or disease of the genitalia caused by a
fungus of the genus Candida -- called also monilia,
moniliasis
Genital Pruritus
(click here to view the Urology Archives)
Localized or generalized itching of the genitalia due
to irritation of sensory nerve endings from organic or
psychogenic causes
Granulocytopenia
(click here to view the Blood Archives)
<haematology> A reduced number of white blood
cells in the circulation.
H
Hypertension
(click here to view the Cardovascular Archives)
<cardiology> Persistently high arterial blood
pressure. Hypertension may have no known cause
(essential or idiopathic hypertension) or be
associated with other primary diseases (secondary
hypertension).
This condition is considered a risk factor for the
development of heart disease, peripheral vascular
disease, stroke and kidney disease.
Hyperkinesia
(click here to view the CNS Archives)
Abnormally increased motor function or activity,
hyperactivity.
Hypertonia
(click here to view the Tendon Archives)
Or hypertony n, pl. Hypertonias or hypertonies:
hypertonicity. N. Pathology: increased rigidity,
tension and spasticity of the muscles.
Hypoaesthesia
(click here to view the CNS Archives)
<neurology, physiology> A condition where the body
is much less sensitive than normal to stimulation
from such things as light, touch, or pain.
Compare: hyperaesthesia.
Hearing and Vestibular Disorders
(click here to view the Special Senses Archives)
Disorders of or relating to the vestibule of the inner
ear, the vestibular apparatus, the vestibular nerve, or
the labyrinthine sense <vestibular impulses>
Heart Rate and Rhythm Disorders
(click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
Disruption of the normal heart rhythm.
Heart Block
(click here to view the Cardiovascular Archives)
<cardiology, physiology> A conduction disturbance
that results in the inappropriate delay (or complete
inability) of a electrical impulse, generated in the
atria, to reach the ventricles (via the atrioventricular
node).
Clinical types are divided into first (nonserious),
second and third degree (most serious) AV blocks.
Some drugs may precipitate an AV block (for example
clonidine, methyldopa, verapamil). A permanent
pacemaker may be required for a third degree
(complete) heart block.
Hepatic Coma
(click here to view the Liver Archives)
A condition of severe end-stage liver dysfunction that
is accompanied by unresponsiveness (coma). A
feature of hepatic encephalopathy.
Hematology Disorders
(click here to view the Blood Archives)
The blood and blood forming tissues.
Hyperglycemia
(click here to view the Kidney Archives)
<biochemistry> Too high a level of glucose (sugar)
in the blood, a sign that diabetes is out of control.
It occurs when the body does not have enough
insulin or cannot use the insulin it does have to
turn glucose into energy. Hyperglycaemia may be
seen in diabetes mellitus, Cushing's disease and
Cushing's syndrome.
Signs of hyperglycaemia are a great thirst, a dry
mouth, and a need to urinate often. For people with
insulin-dependent diabetes, hyperglycaemia may
lead to diabetic ketoacidosis.
Hyperkalemia
The presence of an abnormally high concentration
of potassium in the blood -- called also
hyperpotassemia
Hypoglycemia
Opposite of hyperglycemia. In hypoglycemia the
glucose level is too low
Hypokalemia
Low serum potassium (low blood levels of
potassium). It may result from a number of
conditions.
Hallucination
<symptom> A false perception occurring without
any true sensory stimulus.
Haemoptysis
<symptom> The expectoration of blood or of blood
stained sputum.
Hypoxia
Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below
physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the
tissue by blood. (cf. Anoxia).
Hematuria
<clinical sign, urology> The finding of blood in the
urine.
Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic anemia is a condition of an inadequate
number of circulating red blood cells (anemia),
caused by premature destruction of red blood cells.
There are a number of specific types of hemolytic
anemia which are described individually.
Hemolytic anemia occurs when the bone marrow is
unable to compensate for premature destruction of
red blood cells by increasing their production. When
the marrow is able to compensate, anemia does not
occur. There are many types of hemolytic anemia,
which are classified by the location of the defect. The
defect may be in the red blood cell itself (intrinsic
factor), or outside the red blood cell (extrinsic
factor).
I
Increased LDH
LDH catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and
lactate. Exercising muscles convert (and red blood
cells metabolize) glucose to lactate. Lactate is
released into the blood and is eventually taken up by
the liver. The liver converts lactate back to glucose
and releases glucose into the blood. This glucose is
then taken up by resting muscles, red blood cells,
and other tissues.
Impaired Concentration
Inability to concentrate fully
Impotence
<urology> The inability to achieve or sustain a penile
erection.
Increased International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Prothrombin Time
Prothrombin Time (PT) is the most common way to
express the clotting time of blood. PT results are
reported as the number of seconds the blood takes
to clot when mixed with a thromboplastin reagent.
The International Normalized Ratio (INR) was created
by the World Health Organization because PT results
can vary depending on the thromboplastin reagent
used. The INR is a conversion unit that takes into
account the different sensitivities of thromboplastins.
The INR is widely accepted as the standard unit for
reporting PT results.
Involuntary Muscle Contractions
Increased Calcium
Increased Sweating
J
Jaundice
<clinical sign> Yellowing of the skin (and whites of
eyes) by bilirubin, a bile pigment. Frequently because
of a liver problem.
K
L
Liver and Biliary System Disorders
Leukocytosis
A term used to describe an abnormal elevation on the
white blood cell count. Normal white blood cell counts
are variable with age and sex. Normal adult range is 4,
500 to 11,000 cells per cubic millimetre of blood.
Slightly higher counts are seen in children. Elevated
counts can be seen in cases of inflammation and
infection.
Leukopenia
Abnormal decrease in the number of white blood cells.
Lymphadenopathy
<clinical sign> Swelling of the lymph nodes.
M
Malaise
A vague feeling of bodily discomfort.
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders
Mellitus
A variable disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
caused by a combination of hereditary and
environmental factors and usually characterized by
inadequate secretion or utilization of insulin, by
excessive urine production, by excessive amounts of
sugar in the blood and urine, and by thirst, hunger,
and loss of weight
Musculo-Skeletal System Disorders
Disorders of the Bones, Joints and Muscles
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion
attributable to weakness of various muscles. The
weakness can be characterised as subacute or
chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of
many muscle and neuromuscular diseases.
Myalgia
<symptom> Pain in a muscle or muscles.
Myo, Endo, Pericardial and Valve Disorders
Myo: A combining form of Gr, a muscle; as,
myograph, myochrome
Endo: <prefix> Prefixes indicating within, inner,
absorbing, or containing.
Pericardial:<anatomy> Of or pertaining to
pericardium; situated around the heart.
<physiology> Pericardial fluid, a serous fluid of a pale
yellow color contained in the pericardium
Myocardial Infarction
A term used to describe irreversible injury to heart
muscle.
Synonym: heart attack.
See: infarction.
Manic Reaction
<psychiatry> Excitement of psychotic proportions
manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity,
disorganisation of behaviour and elevation of mood.
Mental Deficiency
Subnormal intellectual functioning which is
associated with impairment of one or more of the
following: (1) maturation, (2) learning, (3) social
adjustment.
Multiple Punctate Lenticular Opacities (cataracts)
Multi System Organ Failure (Death)
N
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms
show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the
properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to
benign neoplasms.
Nervousness
Excessive excitability and irritability, with mental and
physical unrest.
O
Osteomyelitis
Chronic osteomyelitis and osteomyelitis are
secondary to peripheral vascular disease. Chronic
osteomyelitis persists or recurs, regardless of its
initial cause and/or mechanism and despite aggressive
intervention. Although listed as an etiology, peripheral
vascular disease is actually a predisposing factor
Osteromyelitis is an infectious inflammatory disease of
bone that is often of bacterial origin and is marked by
local death and separation of tissue.
Ophthalmologic Abnormalities
Vision and eye damage.
P
Phlebitis
<pathology> Inflammation of a vein. The condition is
marked by infiltration of the coats of the vein and the
formation of a thrombus. The disease is attended by
oedema, stiffness and pain in the affected part and in
the septic variety by pyaemic symptoms.
Pleural Effusion
A collection of fluid (or blood) in the pleural space (in
one side of the chest cavity around the lung). May be
secondary to trauma, cancer, nephrotic syndrome,
kidney disease, pancreatitis, congestive heart failure
and cirrhosis.
Pectoris
A disease marked by brief paroxysmal attacks of chest
pain precipitated by deficient oxygenation of the heart
muscles -- see UNSTABLE ANGINA;
Parosmia
Any disorder of the sense of smell, especially subjective
perception of nonexistent odours.
Platelet, Bleeding and Clotting Disorders
Purpura
<clinical sign, dermatology> A small haemorrhage (up
to about 1 cm in diameter) in the skin, mucous
membrane or serosal surface, which may be caused by
various factors, including blood disorders, vascular
abnormalities and trauma.
Purpuric lesions may be associated with inflammation,
in which case they present as papular purpura or the
haemorrhage may not be accompanied by inflammation,
in which case they are macular.
The term also comprises a group of haemorrhagic
diseases characterised by the presence of purpuric
lesions, ecchymoses and a tendency to bruise easily,
which may be caused by decreased platelet counts, the
presence of abnormal platelets, vascular defects or
reactions to certain drugs.
Psychiatric Disorders
Paranoia
<psychiatry> A psychotic disorder marked by
persistent delusions of persecution or delusional
jealousy and behaviour like that of the paranoid
personality, such as suspiciousness, mistrust and
combativeness.
It differs from paranoid schizophrenia, in which
hallucinations or formal thought disorder are present,
in that the delusions are logically consistent and that
there are no other psychotic features.
The designation in DSM III R is delusional (paranoid)
disorders, with five types: persecutory, jealous,
erotomanic, somatic and grandiose.
Palpitation
<symptom> A subjective sensation of a rapid, irregular
or forceful beating of the heart that the patient is
aware of.
Paresthesia
<neurology> Abnormal neurological sensations which
include: numbness, tingling, burning, prickling and
hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity). Any abnormality
of sensation.
Paralysis
<neurology> Loss or impairment of motor function in
a part due to lesion of the neural or muscular
mechanism, also by analogy, impairment of sensory
function (sensory paralysis).
In addition to the types named below, paralysis is
further distinguished as traumatic, syphilitic, toxic,
etc., according to its cause or as obturator, ulnar,
etc., according to the nerve part or muscle specially
affected.
Pancreatitis
<gastroenterology, surgery> Acute or chronic
inflammation of the pancreas, which may be
asymptomatic or symptomatic and which is due to
autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own
enzymes.
It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract
disease, less commonly it may be associated with
hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal
trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis or
uraemia.
Pseudomembranous Colitis
<gastroenterology> A form of gastroenteritis which
occurs when there is an over-growth of Clostridium
difficile bacteria in the intestine. This can occur after
long-term treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics.
Q
R
Reproductive Disorders
Disorders that may affect the proper functioning of
the reproductive system include abnormal hormone
secretion, sexually transmitted diseases , and the
presence of cancerous tissue in the region. Such
problems frequently affect fertility and may
complicate pregnancy.
Resistance Mechanism Disorders
Disorders of the bodies response to infections
Respiratory System Disorders
The respiratory system is made up of the organs
involved in the interchanges of gases, and consists of
the:
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
The upper respiratory tract includes the:
nose
nasal cavity
ethmoidal air cells
frontal sinuses
maxillary sinus
larynx
trachea
The lower respiratory tract includes the:
lungs
bronchi
alveoli
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the
body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them.
Respiratory Failure
A clinical syndrome that is defined either by the
inability to rid the body of C02 or establish an
adequate blood oxygen level (PAO2).
Rhabdomyolysis
<pathology> The destruction of skeletal muscle cells.
Often the result of electrical injury, alcoholism, injury
(or laying in one position for an extended period of
time), drug side effects or toxins.
Rigors
Shivering, chills are a sensation of cold from exposure
to a cold environment or an episode of shivering with
paleness and a feeling of coldness.
Red Blood Cell Disorders
A. Types of anemia
1. Normocytic, normochromic = normal size and
shape; normal color. Problem is decreased
number of cells.
2. Microcytic, hypochromic = small cells; not
enough hemoglobin.
3. Macrocytic, normochromic = abnormally large
cells; normal amount of
hemoglobin. Cells are juvenile; not very
functional.
Regardless of type, all anemias result in tissue
hypoxia.
B. Antecedents to anemia
1. Loss of RBCs (eg. hemorrhage) --> normocytic,
normochromic anemia.
2. Increased RBC destruction ( with increased
release of bilirubin during
excessive RBC breakdown) --> normocytic,
normochromic anemia.
3. Intravascular hemolysis = widespread attack
on and breakdown of RBCs (e.g., excessive
immune response; malaria)
Excessive trapping by spleen --> splenomegaly
(enlarged spleen)
Defective RBCs or hemoglobin triggers
hemolysis and trapping.
Sickle cell anemia: beta chain of hemoglobin is
slightly abnormal; RBCs "sickle" under
conditions of stress (e.g.,hypoxemia, acidosis),
and are removed by the spleen or get trapped in
the capillaries. Glucose - 6 - phosphate
dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency: RBCs
damaged under conditions of stress
(e.g., hypoxemia,acidosis) and destroyed by
spleen. Hereditary spherocytosis: abnormality
of cell membrane causes RBCs to swell and
become rigid; then destroyed in spleen.Aplastic
anemia: bone marrow suppressed --> not
enough RBCs.
4. Insufficient hemoglobin --> microcytic,
hypochromic anemia. Alpha and beta
thalassemias (alpha or beta chains of hemoglobin
made in insufficient amounts)
Lack of Fe ++to make heme due to decreased
gastrointestinal intake/absorption, increased
demand, or chronic bleeding.
note: too much iron can damage liver in those
who have hemochromatosis, an autosomal
recessive condition in which the gut absorbs
double the usual amount of ingested iron
5. RBCs do not mature --> macrocytic, normochromic
anemia. Decreased folic acid, needed for proper
maturation of RBC. RBCs are very large and
juvenile. Decreased vitamin B12, needed for proper
maturation of RBC. RBCs are very large and
juvenile.Pernicious anemia: a lack of intrisic factor
(normally secreted by stomach) impairs absorption
of Vitamin B12.C.
General effects of severe anemia
1. Effects due to tissue hypoxia
Decreased oxygen to muscles -->
leg cramps
fatigue
Decreased oxygen to CNS-->
headache
dizziness / fainting
Decreased oxygen to heart-->angina pectoris
(chest pain)
2. Compensatory responses to anemia
Reflex redistribution of blood flow from skin and
kidney to heart and brain.
skin pallor (paleness of skin and mucous membranes)
increase in production of erythropoietin by kidney--
RBCs, if possible, and thus possibly more hemolysis
increased oxygen extraction in tissues--> cyanosis.
Reflex increase in blood volume, heart rate
(tachycardia) and cardiac output -->increased
workload for the heart heart murmur
angina (chest pain)
CHF (congestive heart failure)
SOB (shortness of breath).
Retina Damage
Damage to the retina of the eyes
S
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
<syndrome> This is a severe form of allergic reaction
that most often results from a medication (for example
penicillins). The rash can be generalised and even
appear on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Stevens-Johnson syndrome is considered to be a
variant of erythema multiforme that results in the
formation of bullous (blebs) lesions on the soles of the
feet, palms and inside the mouth. Stevens-Johnson
syndrome may also occur in association with some viral
Infections and Mycoplasma infections.
Skin and Appendages Disorders
Skin Disorders
Skin Exfoliation
Skin Ulceration
Suicide
The act of killing oneself.
Sleep Disorders
Disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviours.
Somnolence
<neurology> Sleepiness, also unnatural drowsiness.
Substernal Chest Pain
Deep to the sternum.
Syncope
Faintness or unconsciousness upon swallowing. This
is nearly always due to excessive vagal effect on the
heart that may already have bradycardia or
atrioventricular block.
Seizures
Attacks of cerebral origin consisting of sudden and
transitory abnormal phenomena of a motor, sensory,
autonomic or psychic nature resulting from transient
dysfunction of the brain.
Speech Disorders
Long-term disorders in speaking or in perception of
speech.
Stupor
<neurology> The partial or nearly complete
unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's
responding only to vigorous stimulation.
<psychiatry> A disorder marked by reduced
responsiveness.
Synovitis
<orthopaedics, rheumatology> Inflammation of a
synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly
on motion and is characterised by a fluctuating
swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac.
Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal,
hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal,
rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral,
etc.
Supraventricular Tachycardia
<cardiology> An abnormally accelerated rhythm that
results from a rapidly firing electrical focus above the
A-V node. Rates may be in the rage of 150-250
beats/minute.
T
Tremor
<clinical sign> An involuntary trembling or quivering.
Tongue Edema
Swelling of the tonque
Tinnitus
<symptom> A noise in the ears, as ringing, buzsing,
roaring, clicking, etc. Such sounds may at times be
heard by others than the patient.
Tachycardia
<clinical sign> The excessive rapidity in the action of
the heart, the term is usually applied to a heart rate
above 100 per minute and may be qualified as atrial,
junctional (nodal) or ventricular and as paroxysmal.
Tendinitis
<pathology> Inflammation of tendons and of tendon
muscle attachments.
Thrombocytopenia
<haematology> A decrease in the number of platelets
in the blood, resulting in the potential for increased
bleeding and decreased ability for clotting.
Tendon Rupture
Torsades de Pointes
<cardiology> An atypical rapid ventricular tachycardia
with periodic waxing and waning of amplitude of the
QRS complexes on the electrocardiogram, it may be
self limited or may progress to ventricular fibrillation.
U
Urticaria
<dermatology> A transient condition of the skin,
usually caused by an allergic reaction, characterised
by pale or reddened irregular, elevated patches and
severe itching, hives.
Urinary System Disorders
V
Vertigo
Dizziness experienced when standing upright.
Ventricular Fibrillation
<cardiology> A disorganised chaotic contraction of
the ventricle that fails to effectively eject blood from
the ventricle. During ventricular fibrillation the patient
is unconscious and will die if emergency intervention
is not undertaken (defibrillation).
Vascular (Extracardiac) Disorders
Vision Disorders
Vasodilation
The increase in the internal diameter of a blood
vessel that results from relaxation of smooth muscle
within the wall of the vessel. This causes an increase
in blood flow, but a decrease in systemic vascular
resistance.
W
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing body weight.
Withdrawal Syndrome
<syndrome> The development of a substance-specific
syndrome that follows the cessation of, or reduction
in, intake of a psychoactive substance that the person
previously used regularly; e.g., clinical syndrome of
disorientation, perceptual disturbance, and
psychomotor agitation following the cessation of
chronic use of excessive quantities of alcohol is
termed alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The syndrome
that develops varies according to the psychoactive
substance used. Common symptoms include anxiety,
restlessness, irritability, insomnia, and impaired
attention.
White Cell and RES Disorders
WBC Abnormal Count
XYZ
Additional medical definitions can be found at
http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/index.html
TABLES
Table 1
Adverse Event Reporting System Summary 11-1-1997 to present
Bone, Tendon, Muscle and Ligament Damage
Ciprofloxacin
Arthralgia 261 (within the top three reported events)
Pain in the Extremity 153
Myalgia 148
Tendinitis 122
Difficulty in walking 89
Tendon Rupture 89
Tendon Disorders 81
Rhabdomyolysis 66
Arthritis 42
Muscle Cramps 34
Arthropathy 34
Joint Swelling 32
Muscle Weakness 27
Neck Pain 19
Movement Disorders 19
Muscle Spasms 18
Limb Injury 18
Joint Stiffness 18
Muscle Twitching 17
Paralysis 16
Muscle Disorders 16
Osteoarthritis 15
Muscle Rupture 14
Musculoskeletal Stiffness 12
Polyarthritis 11
Tendon Injury 10
Tenosynovitis 9
Muscle Stiffness 8
Joint Effusion 8
Bone Pain 8
Rheumatoid Arthritis 7
Rotary Cuff Syndrome 6
Bone Disorders 6
Tongue Paralysis 5
Biopsy Bone Marrow Abnormal 5
Muscle Contractions Involuntary 4
Joint Sprain 4
Cartilage Injury 3
Musculoskeletal Discomfort 3
Muscle Necrosis 3
Joint Range of Motion Decreased 3
Joint Crepitation 3
Facial Bone Fracture 3
Connective Tissue Disorders 3
Buttock Pain 3
Cartilage Disorders 2
Ligament Disorders 2
Fibromyalgia 2
Musculoskeletal Disorders 2
Muscle Tightness 2
Muscle Strain 2
Muscle Spasticity 2
Muscle Rigidity 2
Muscle Injury 2
Muscle Fatique 2
Mobility Decreased 2
Foot Fracture 1
Synovial Cyst 1
Skull Fractured Base 1
Rheumatoid Factor Positive 1
Posture Abnormal 1
Neuromusculuar Disorders 1
Musculoskeletal Pain 1
Muscle Haemorrhage 1
Limb Discomforts 1
Joint Dislocation 1
Joint Arthroplasty 1
Burning Sensation Mucosal 1
Finger Deformity 1
Bone Lesions 1
Bone Erosion 1
Arthritis Reactive 1
Arthritis Allergic 1
Ankle Fracture 1
TOTAL EVENTS REPORTED 1,558
Table 2
Adverse Event Reporting System Summary 11-1-1997 to present
Bone, Tendon, Muscle and Ligament Damage
Levaquin
Arthralgia 368 (The number one event reported)
Tendon Disorders 318 (The number two event reported)
Tendonitis 232
Pain 204
Myalgia 193
Pain in the extremity 190
Asthenia 166
Difficulty walking 151
Paraesthesia 127
Tendon Rupture 97
Rhabdomyolysis 66
Back pain 59
Swelling 50
Muscle Weakness 42
Joint Swelling 37
Muscle Twitching 30
Arthritis 30
Joint Stiffness 27
Muscle Cramp 25
Muscle Spasms 23
Movement Disorders 23
Myositis 20
Paralysis 18
Neck Pain 18
Muscle Rupture 16
Bone Pain 15
Contusions 15
Muscle Contractions Involuntary 14
Joint Effusion 12
Osteroarthritis 11
Muscle Injury 11
Muscle Atrophy 11
Cartilage Injury 11
Rotary Cuff Syndrome 10
Joint Ligament Rupture 10
Tendon Injury 9
Muscle Tightness 9
Muscle Stiffness 9
Musculoskeletal Stiffness 8
Muscle Disorders 8
Muscle Rigidity 6
Synovitis 6
Nuclear MRI Abnormal 5
Paresis 5
Joint Sprain 5
Joint Dislocation 5
Tenosynovitis 5
Cartilage Disorder 5
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 5
Polyarthritis 4
Monoparesis 4
Fibromyalgia 4
Rheumatoid Factor Positive 3
Ligament Injury 3
Juvenile Arthritis 3
Jaw Disorders 3
Bone Disorders 3
Ligament Disorders 2
Joint Range of Motion Decreased 2
Fibromyalgia Syndrome 2
Polymyositis 2
Polymyalgia Rheumatica 2
Polymalgia 2
Osteopenia 2
Osteochondrosis 2
Orthopnoea 2
Muscle Hemmorage 2
Arthritis Reactive 2
Atherosclerosis 2
Tendon Repair 1
Synovial cyst 1
Smooth Muscle Antibody Positive 1
Quadriplegia 1
Limb Discomfort 1
Joint Contracture 1
Humerus Fracture 1
Ganglion Cyst 1
Exercise Tolerance Decreased 1
Exercise Capacity Decreased 1
Musculoskeletal Pain 1
Musculoskeletal Disorders 1
Musculoskeletal Discomfort 1
Muscle Necrosis 1
Muscle Abscess 1
Menigus Lesion 1
Physical Disability 1 (Despite over hundreds of such reports filed by the members of the adverse drug reaction forum)
Connective Tissue Disorders 1
TOTAL EVENTS REPORTED 2,898
Table 3
Foreign post marketing reports
Tendon, Muscle and Ligament Associated Events
France 921 reported tendon disorders 1996
100 reported tendinopathies 1985-1992
WHO 340 reported tendonitis, 81 tendon ruptures 1996
Australia 25 reports of tendinitis
60 reports of tendinitis, and/or tendon rupture 1997
UK 704 Achilles tendinitis 1992-1998
38 Achilles tendon rupture 1992-1998
Finland 42 reported tendinopathies 2000
England 216 Tendon inflammation of rupture 1987-1997
Table 4
Domestic Post Marketing Reports
United States of America
As Reported by the FDA
Tendon Rupture Domestic 48
Tendon Rupture Foreign 45
Tendinopathy Domestic 68
Tendinopathy Foreign 35
Tenosynovitis Domestic 13
Tenosynovitis Foreign 7
Table 5
Adverse Event Reporting System Summary 11-1-1997 to present
Peripheral Neuropathy / Nuerotoxicity
Ciprofloxacin
Pain 191
Paresthesia 99
Peripheral Neuropathy 58
Burning Sensations 43
Neurological Disorders 41
Polyneuropathy 30
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Increased 29
Guillain Barre Syndrome 13
Neuralgia 12
Peripheral Sensory Neuropathy 7
Nerve Root Lesions 6
Neuropathy 5
Third Nerve Paralysis 4
Neurotoxicity 3
Neuropathic pain 3
Demyelination 2
Demyelinating Polyneuropathy 2
Skin burning sensation 2
Sjogren's Syndrome 2
Perineal Nerve Palsy 2
Peripheral Sensor Motor Neuropathy 2
Peripheral Coldness 2
Nerve Injury 2
Diabetic Neuropathy 1
Peripheral nerve injury 1
Peripheral Motor Neuropathy 1
Nerve Conduction Studies Abnormal 1
Nerve Compression 1
Neuromuscular Disorders 1
Burning sensation mucosal 1
TOTAL REPORTED EVENTS 567
Table 6
Adverse Event Reporting System Summary 11-1-1997 to present
Peripheral Neuropathy / Nuerotoxicity
Nalidixic Acid
(Total number of reports contained within the summary 12, regardless of events)
Burning Sensation 1
TOTAL REPORTED EVENTS 1
Table 7
Adverse Event Reporting System Summary 11-1-1997 to present
Peripheral Neuropathy / Nuerotoxicity
Levaquin
Burning sensations 55
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 43
Peripheral Neuropathy 34
Neurological Disorders 34
Polyneuropathy 23
Feeling hot 22
Epilepsy 9
Sensory Disturbances 9
Neuropathy 9
Feeling cold 9
Peripheral Ischaemia 8
Nerve Injury 6
Peripheral coldness 6
Sensory loss 5
Peripheral nerve injury 4
Neurotoxicity 4
Central Nervous System Stimulation 4
Temperature intolerance 3
Myopathy toxic 3
Feeling hot and cold 3
Vith Nerve Paralysis 2
Perineal Nerve Injury 2
Peripheral Sensory Neuropathy 2
Demylelinating Polyneuropathy 2
Trigeminal Nerve Disorders 1
Sciatic Nerve Lesions 1
Diabetic Neuropathy 1
Nerve Root Injury Sacral 1
Nerve Conductive Studies Abnormal 1
Optic Nerve Injury 1
Neuropathic pain 1
Demyelination 1
TOTAL NUMBER OF REPORTS 309